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Motivation is what explains why people or animals initiate, continue or terminate a specific behavior at a particular time. Motivational states are commonly understood as forces acting within the agent that make a disposition to interact in goal-directed behavior. it's often held that different mental states compete with one another which only the strongest state determines behavior. this suggests that we will be motivated to try to to something without actually doing it. The paradigmatic psychological state providing motivation is desire. But various other states, like beliefs about what one need to do or intentions, can also provide motivation.
Various competing theories are proposed concerning the content of motivational states. they're referred to as content theories and aim to explain what goals usually or always motivate people. Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and therefore the ERG theory, for instance , posit that humans have certain needs, which are liable for motivation. a number of these needs, like for food and water, are more basic than other needs, like for respect from others. On this view, the upper needs can only provide motivation once the lower needs are fulfilled. Behaviorist theories attempt to explain behavior solely in terms of the relation between things and external, observable behavior without explicit regard to conscious mental states.
Motivation could also be either intrinsic, if the activity is desired because it's inherently interesting or enjoyable, or extrinsic, if the agent's goal is an external reward distinct from the activity itself. it's been argued that intrinsic motivation has more beneficial outcomes than extrinsic motivation. Motivational states also can be categorized consistent with whether the agent is fully conscious of why he acts the way he does or not, mentioned as conscious and unconscious motivation. Motivation is closely associated with practical rationality. A central idea during this field is that we should always always be motivated to perform an action if we believe that we should perform it. Failing to satisfy this requirement leads to cases of irrationality, referred to as akrasia or weakness of the desire , during which there's a discrepancy between our beliefs about what we should always do and our actions.
Theories of technology plan to explain the factors that shape technological innovation also because the impact of technology on society and culture. Most contemporary theories of technology reject two previous views: the linear model of technological innovation and technological determinism. To challenge the linear model, today's theories of technology point to the historical evidence that technological innovation often gives rise to new scientific fields, and emphasizes the important role that social networks and cultural values play in shaping technological artifacts. To challenge technological determinism, today's theories of technology emphasize the scope of technical choice, which is bigger than most laypeople realize; as science and technology scholars wish to say, "It could are different." For this reason, theorists who take these positions typically argue for greater public involvement in technological decision-making.
Social theories
'Social' theories specialise in how humans and technology affect one another . Some theories specialise in how decisions are made with humans and technology: humans and technology are equal within the decision, humans drive technology and the other way around tech mobile phones. The interactions utilized in a majority of the theories on this page check out individual human's interactions with technology, but there's a sub-group for the group of individuals interacting with technology. The theories described are purposefully vague and ambiguous, since the circumstances for the theories change as human culture and technology innovations change.
Definition
Motivation is usually defined as what explains why people or animals initiate, continue or terminate a specific behavior at a particular time. Motivational states are available various degrees of strength. the upper the degree, the more likely it's that the state has an influence on behavior. this is often often linked to forces working from within the agent that end in goal-directed behavior. One problem with defining motivation in terms of internal forces is that it's very difficult to live them, which is why empirically-minded theorists often prefer definitions that are more closely linked to observable behavior. One approach is to define motivation in terms of the pliability of the animal's behavior. This flexibility involves goal-directed behavior that changes because the animal learns through new experiences. Rats, for instance , can learn to traverse through complicated mazes so as to satisfy their hunger. The feeding behavior of flies, on the opposite hand, isn't flexible during this sense. On this view, we are justified to ascribe motivational states to rats but to not flies. But it's been argued that there are cases of motivation without flexible behavior. a completely paralyzed person, for instance , could still have motivation despite being unable to interact in behavior. this suggests that flexibility should be a sufficient but not a necessary mark of motivation. Some definitions stress the continuity between human and animal motivation but others draw a transparent distinction between the 2 . this is often often motivated by the thought that human agents act for reasons and commit themselves to the intentions they form while animals just follow their strongest desire. Causalist definitions stress the causal relation between motivation and therefore the resulting behavior. Non-causalist definitions, on the opposite hand, hold that motivation explains behavior during a non-causal way.
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